1. Origin, Composition, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering agents are derived mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir spin-offs such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
With controlled alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical teams.
This dual fondness enables the molecules to adsorb successfully at air– water user interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, lowering surface area tension and maintaining bubble development– a vital need for producing consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, animal healthy protein frothing agents are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and display exceptional compatibility with Portland concrete systems due to their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– usually in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight affects foam security, water drainage rate, and bubble size, making process control during hydrolysis necessary for consistent efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (normally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented right into a foam generator, the protein remedy forms a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This film resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the cost of smaller sized ones– by forming a mechanically durable interfacial layer reinforced with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam shows high development ratios (normally 15– 25:1) and low drainage rates (
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